Abstract

The experience of modern high-intensity warfare demonstrates the critical dependence of unmanned systems (UAVs) effectiveness on the resilience of navigation support under conditions of massive electronic warfare (EW) employment. Since traditional frequency domain filtering methods have exhausted their potential, space-time adaptive processing (STAP) using Controlled Reception Pattern Antennas (CRPA) remains the only viable protection tool. This paper presents a system analysis of suboptimal STAP methods and architectural solutions for their implementation under strict constraints on size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C).

A comparative analysis of mathematical efficiency and computational complexity is performed for the main classes of adaptation algorithms: gradient-based (LMS), recursive (RLS), direct matrix inversion (MVDR), and power inversion (PI). The impact of hardware limitations of the receiving path (phase noise, ADC bit depth, fixed-point quantization effects) on the actual Interference Cancellation Ratio (ICR) is investigated. It is established that for low-cost solutions without precision calibration, the limiting ICR level saturates at 30-35 dB.

A differentiated approach to selecting a hardware platform depending on the carrier class is substantiated. For operational-level UAVs, high-performance SoCs (AMD Versal AI Edge, Intel Agilex 5) supporting MVDR algorithms and artificial intelligence are recommended. For the mass segment (FPV drones, loitering munitions), the use of the Power Inversion (PI) algorithm based on budget Xilinx Zynq-7000 SoCs or hybrid solutions (MCU+FPGA) is proposed. It has been established that the PI method enables effective protection against active noise jamming without requiring precise data on the platform’s angular orientation, which is critical for low-cost inertial systems.

It is determined that under high flight dynamics, the isolated operation of CRPA is insufficient. The concept of Ultra-Tight Coupling with the onboard inertial navigation system is proposed to compensate for carrier rotation and prevent satellite tracking loss during evasive maneuvers.

Keywords: GNSS, anti-jamming, CRPA, adaptive antenna array, STAP, method, MVDR, Power Inversion, LMS, RLS, inertial navigation, FPGA, SoC, UAV, UGV

FULL TEXT (in Ukrainian)

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The article was submitted 20.12.2025
© Kovalishyn, S.S., Korkin, O.Yu.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)